Abstract:The present states of hot water energy consumption in Chinese residential buildings,the recent progress. Energy-saving efficiency and economic applicability of solar water heater in hot water energy-saving are introduced. The economic efficiency of solar water heater depends on climate conditions,system fabrication cost,energy price system and other factors. It is necessary to further improve the performance of solar water heater,especially its climate adaptability. The organic combination of solar water heater with building can be achieved by improving the architectural planning design. The promotion of solar water heater should be based on market segmentation. For the vast countryside in China,the integrated collector storage solar water heater and flat plate solar water heater have better adaptability.
Key words:solar water heater;residential building;domestic hot water;energy-saving efficiency;economic efficiency
① 我國居住建筑生活熱水能耗遠低于發(fā)達國家,農村低于城鎮(zhèn)。隨著人民生活水平的提高,熱水器日益成為絕大多數家庭的必需品,這為太陽能熱水器的發(fā)展提供了廣闊的空間,特別是農村,是我國未來太陽能熱水器的主要市場。
② 整體式太陽能熱水器集蓄熱水箱和集熱器于一體,結構緊湊,但能效較低,蓄熱水箱保溫性能較差;平板型太陽能熱水器運行可靠,成本低廉,但集熱器在高溫段效率偏低,對流傳熱損失較大;玻璃真空管太陽能熱水器消除了對流、導熱損失,輻射熱損??;熱管式太陽能熱水器效率高,具有無運動部件及外動力、管內液體工質防凍、防止傳熱介質倒流等優(yōu)點。
③ 太陽能熱水器的經濟性取決于地域氣候條件、系統(tǒng)造價、能源價格體系等多種因素。有必要進一步提升太陽能熱水器性能,特別是提高氣候適應性。改進建筑規(guī)劃設計,實現太陽能熱水器與建筑的有機結合。
[8] NAHAR N M. Year round performance and potential of a natural circulation type of solar water heater in India[J].Energy and Buildings,2003,(3):239-247.
[9] SRINIVASAN S. Transforming solar thermal:policy support for the evolving solar water heating industry[J].Refocus,2006,(2):46-49.
[16] SMYTH M,EAMES P C,NORTON B. Integrated collector storage solar water heaters[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2006,(6):503-538.
[17] SOULIOTIS M,TRIPANAGNOSTOPOULOS Y. Study of the distribution of the absorbed solar radiation on the performance of a CPC-type ICS water heater[J].Renewable Energy,2008,(5):846-858.
[18] SMYTH M,EAMES P C,NORTON B. Heat retaining integrated collector/storage solar water heaters[J].solar Energy,2003,(1):27-34.
[24] KARAGHOULI A A,ALNASER W E. Experimental study on thermosyphon solar water heater in Bahrain[J].Renewable Energy,2001,(3):389-396.
[25] NAHAR N M. Capital cost and economic viability of thermosyphonic solar water heaters manufactured from alternate materials in India[J].Renewable Energy,2002,(4):623-635.
[27] BUDIHARDJO I,MORRISON G L,BEHNIA M. Natural circulation flow through water-in-glass evacuated tube solar collectors[J].Solar Energy,2007,(12):1460-1472.
[28] YIN Z. Development of solar thermal systems in China[J].Solar Energy Materials and solar Cells,2005,(3):427-442.
[30] KIM M H. PETRERSEN J.BULLARD C W. Fundamental process and system design issues in C02 vapor compression systems[J].Progress in Energy Combustion Science,2004,(2):119-174.
[31] ZHANG X R,YAMAGUCHI H. An experimental study on evacuated tube solar collector using supercritical C02[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2008,(10):1225-1233.
[32] HUSSEIN H M S. Transient investigation of a two phase closed thermosyphon flat plate solar water heater[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2002,(18):2479-2492.
[33] HUSSEIN H M S. Optimization of a natural circulation two phase closed thermosyphon flat plate solar water heater[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2003,(14):2341-2352.
[34] ESEN M.ESEN H. Experimental investigation of a two-phase closed thermosyphon solar water heater[J].Solar Energy,2005,(5):459-468.